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HUSSERL, BAKHTIN, AND THE OTHER I.
OR: MIKHAIL M. BAKHTIN – A HUSSERLIAN?

Abstract
Mikhail Bakhtin aimed to invent a phenomenology of the self-experience and of the experience of the other in his early work. In order to realize such a phenomenology he combined different approaches he called idealism and materialism / naturalism. The first one he linked to Edmund Husserl, but did hardly name him directly concerning his phenomenology. Does this intersubjective phenomenology give a hint that Bakhtin used Husserlian ideas more than considered yet? Or did they both invent similar ideas independently from each other? Both thinkers dealt with the issue of intersubjectivity. Husserl judged statements on other psycho-physical realities as metaphysics in the Logical Investigations II, but in his Ideas I he described the others as enhancing one’s experience through their “experiential surpluses”. In the same way Bakhtin described the unique perspective of the other as a mandatory and valuable part of the world of the act in his Philosophy of the Act and his investigations on Author and Hero. In order to understand the influence of Husserl’s phenomenology for Bakhtin’s early philosophy we need to take a look closer at those contentual parallels as well as some paraphrases yet unnoticed. This gives hint for the question if for Bakhtin Husserl was more than just a name dropped. In this article I reconstructed the relations between both thinkers and answered the question if the dating of Bakhtin’s early work until 1928 has to be re-considered.

Key words
Intersubjectivity, materialism, idealism, pluralism, life world, the other.

References

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CATEGORIAL INTUITION AND PASSIVE SYNTHESIS IN HUSSERL’S PHENOMENOLOGY

Abstract
The aim of this article is to show that Husserl’s later analyses of the perceptual syntheses (for instance in Analyses concerning passive and active syntheses) dispense with the notion of categorial intuition, carefully described in the Sixth Logical Investigation (1901). In order to show this result, initially I reconstruct Husserl’s notion of categorial intuition described in “Logical Investigations”, relating it to the problem of evident knowledge conceived as intuitive fulfillment of signifying acts. Categorial intuition is founded on simple intuitions, although it cannot be reduced to them. Simple intuitions only offer a global grasping of the intended object, with partial perceptual intentions continually fused therein. In its turn, categorial intuition consists in a new sort of act, the result of a covering synthesis between disclosed partial perceptual intentions and the global perception in which those same intentions had already been operating, although implicitly. It is highlighted that in this synthesis intuition depends on signifying intentions that guide the selection of intuitive aspects to be synthesized. It follows from this that the categorial components of the so called categorial intuition come from outside the very sphere of perception. In contrast with this position, Husserl, in later texts describes, by means of the notion of passive synthesis, the genesis of categoriality in the very realm of sensibility, which allows him to formulate a new approach to clarify the phenomenological sources of knowledge.

Key words
Husserl, categorial intuition, knowledge, fulfillment, signification, perceptual explication, passive synthesis.

References

• Bégout, B. (2000). La Généalogie de la Logique. Paris: Vrin.
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THE MOOD OF BOREDOOM AND CONTEMPORARY ART CINEMA.
FUNDAMENTAL-ONTOLOGICAL VIEW ON CINEMATIC EXPERIENCE

Abstract
This article analyzes the spectator practices as they relate to the strategies of auteur cinema. Traditionally, the viewer experiences in the film are discussed in the context of engagement and clinging. The author tries to actualize a different perspective, associated with the specifics of the contemporary art Cinema – a situation of emptiness, lack of events, in which the audience is bored in the cinema hall. Therefore, the article attempts to justify usage of the phenomenological and ontological philosophical language for film analysis through thematizing the cinematic experience. The specific method is phenomenological reduction, embodied in the act of contemplating the cinematic experience as a phenomenon. Heideggerian analytics of boredom sentiment and the direct experience of contemporary cinema are fundamental for this article. The analysis of Bela Tarr’s film “The Turin Horse” demonstrates that the film can cause boredom by means of its unique time technique, as it requests the viewer to remain in its not-clear-how-much-lasting time for excessively long. The viewer finds oneself put in the position of extreme aesthetic, where one is to contact with the film in a blank way, by no means. The viewer is passivated, experiencing the movie through every moment of the present, embracing the film “as a whole”. Due to the long time, through lack of sharpness of thought the bored is both detached and involved. By means of non-public, personal passivity, the viewer is immersed into the cinematic and, therefore, focused on the film “as a whole”, but still dispersed towards putting together the grains of the film: its details, repetitions of everyday situations. Therefore, it is not through reflection, but through the location in the event and affect, through questioning, that the viewer gets closer to the meaning of the film.

Key words
Cinema, cinematic experience, boredom, time, phenomenology, non-intellectual cinema strategies.

References

• Anri, M. (2014). Neintentsional’naya fenomenologiya: zadacha fenomenologii budushchego [Nonintentional Phenomenology: Task for Phenomenology of the Future]. In Sholokhova, S. A., & Yampol’skaya, A.V (Eds.), (Post)fenomenologiya: novaya fenomenologiya vo Frantsii i za ee predelami [(Post)phenomenology: New Phenomenology in France and Beyond] (151-204). Moscow: Academic Project. (in Russian).
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• Khaidegger, M. (2009). Parmenid [Parmenides]. St. Petersburg: Vladimir Dal’. (in Russian).
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CASE STUDY ON DASEINSANALYTICAL TREATMENT OF SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER

Abstract
In this case study I want to show the development during Daseinsanalysis of a woman suffering from a long term schizoaffective disorder. After three attempts to start and remain in therapy, and following eleven inpatient admissions to different psychiatric hospitals, it seems, that the phenomenological approach of Daseinsanalysis has helped her continue and, over time, she has been able to find a better way of coming closer to the aim which has been most requested of her until now – of becoming lively – but without it resulting in a psychiatric hospital admission. Firstly I will attempt to give an overview of my patient’s history, including my first encounter with her: a public help desk for working assistance for psychiatric patients in 2001, and then, soon after, as she started Daseinsanalysis in my private practice. She discontinued the therapy on account of not being able to cope with difficult feelings arising from having fallen in love with me, her analyst. I could not respond in the way she expected me to. That was the first break in our therapeutic relationship and another one was to follow two years later, when she came closer for the second time. It was my mistake as her therapist, to interfere as her father had done. She told me during one of those sessions that this was her experience and this prompted the second break. And now, since 2013, our relationship seems strong enough to continue and to come closer together to her first aim. The core question in my case study as an example from the practice in Daseinsanalysis is: how is it possible for the therapist to find the right balance in his or her approach between abstinence, through which patients can find enough space to develop freely and the naturally occurring possibilities in every relationship, which make people and their relationships lively?

Key words
Schizoaffektive disorder, Daseinsanalyst, Erschlossenheit, phenomenological method, psychiatry, hallucinations, Geworfenheit, Ek-sistenz.

References

• Heidegger, M. (2014). Gelassenheit. Freiburg/München: Alber.
• Helting, H. (1999). Einführung in die philosophischen Dimensionen der psychotherapeutischen Daseinsanalyse. Aachen: Shaker.
• Hesse, H. (2016). Jedem Anfang wohnt ein Zauber inne. Lebensstufen. Frankfurt a. Main: Suhrkamp.
• Steindl-Rast, D. (2015). Fülle und Nichts. Von Innen her zum Leben erwachen. Freiburg: Kreuz.
• Strobl, R. (2015 a). Orte des Glücks – Unterwegs zum eigenen Horizont. Unveröffentlichter Vortrag.
• Strobl, R. (2015 b). There’s no Healing Without Love. Unveröffentlichter Vortrag.

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TO BE ALIVE. A DASEINSANALYTICAL VIEW ON CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH PSYCHOTHERAPY

Abstract
“To be alive”. A sixteen years old client of mine used this expression to describe her wish and within the possibility of what may come after the therapeutic process. It is a beautiful and pure and at the same time a universal uttering. The epochs of childhood and youth are very special periods in the life of all of us. Never again we experience such an immense kind of development in our existential possibilities. It’s intensity, tempo and dimensions are tremendous. Therefore the risks are also very high. In this process we are highly sensitive, vulnerable and bare so that every difficulty, every disappointment, every – even short – loss of love can have a deep and devastating impact on our possibilities to be open to the world and be free in living out our own Dasein as well as living out from our own true ground. In this particular period of life, we are totally and utterly exposed and if we don’t get what we need in order to develop and grow in our unique way, if we are unable to respond appropriately to what life brings for us, we develop psychological disorders. In my article I would like to illuminate the human existence, this very specific period of life, through daseinsanalytical, phenomenological view. This includes personality development, openness towards the unique individual possibilities to come to the world and getting and staying open to the world, being truly alive. The term “development” is discussed here in its phenomenological understanding, describing the phenomenon as becoming more and more open to the world due to the unique individual possibilities. Furthermore some Existentialia and how they reveal itself in their singular mode to the world are being outlined in different phases of childhood and youth. Finally the therapeutic uniqueness of daseinsanalytical relationship is described under the aspect of psychotherapy with youth.

Key words
Daseinsanalysis, phenomenology, child and youth psychotherapy, personality development, alifeness, being-in-the-world, openness, existentials, therapeutic relationship.

References

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