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KLAUS KAEHLER
CONSCIOUSNESS AND ITS PHENOMENA: LEIBNIZ, KANT, HUSSERL

Abstract
The article treats the notion of consciousness in three theories: those of Leibniz, Kant and Husserl. Klaus Kaehler tends to examine how these three doctrines relate to each other and whether it is possible to register a linear development among them. Though Kaehler un- derlines difficulties in comparing views of these philosophers, he draws some informative parallels between them. The author starts off by mentioning Leibniz as the bearer of the initial understanding of consciousness and emphasizing that Leibniz' monadology contains the basic form of the ideas which will be later expressed by Kant and Husserl. Defining consciousness as the notion of the being's mode, and accordingly, the structure of the subject, Kaehler unfolds the interpretation of this notion both before the transcendental turn and after it. He holds Leibniz to be responsible for the transcendental turn, as Kaehler finds a crucial element of Leibniz' theory: the dependence of each and every being from the independent substantial unity (the monad). According to Leibniz, the outer world exists only in the form of mutual self-representation of the monads. What Kant does, according to Kaehler, is that he on the basis of Leibniz notes that not only an existing individual substance, but the finite reason-subject should be considered in its limits. As a result, everything existing is determined by the immanent structure of the subjectivity. Husserl in his turn insists on examining the activities and intentionality of the consciousness. sort of substantiality or relation from this notion.

Key words
Leibniz, Kant, Husserl, consciousness, transcendental turn, reason, perspectivism.

References

• Cramer, K. (1994). Einfachheit, Perzeption und Apperzeption. In R. Cristin (Ed.), Leibniz und die Frage nach der Subjektivität (19-45). Stuttgart: Steiner, Franz
• Dekart, R. (1994). Razmyshleniya o pervoi filosofii [Meditations on First Philosophy]. Moscow: Mysl'.
• Descarte, R. (1983). Oeuvres De Descartes. (Vol. 7). Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin.
• Gurwitsch, A. (1964). Der Begriff des Bewußtseins bei Kant und Husserl. Kant-Studien, (55), 410–427.
• Gurwitsch, A. (1974). Leibniz. Philosophie des Panlogismus. Berlin-New York.
• Gusserl', E. (2001). Logicheskie issledovaniya. Issledovaniya po fenomenologii i teorii poznaniya [Logical investigations. Research on the phenomenology and theory of knowledge]. Moscow: Academic Project.
• Gusserl', E. (2004). Krizis evropeiskikh nauk i transtsendental'naya fenomenologiya [The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology]. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University.
• Gusserl', E. (2009). Idei k chistoi fenomenologii i fenomenologicheskoi filosofii [Ideas for a Pure Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy]. Moscow: Academic Project.
• Gusserl', E. (2010). Kartezianskie meditatsii [Cartesian meditation].Moscow: Academic Project.
• Held, K. (1966). Lebendige Gegenwart: Die Frage nach Seinsweise des transzendentalen Ich bei E. Husserl, entwickelt am Leitfaden der Zeitproblematik. Den Haag: Springer.
• Husserl, E. (1954). Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaft und die transzendentale Phänomenologie. Eine Einleitung in die phänomenologische Philosophie. (Hua VI). Den Haag: Nijhoff.
• Husserl, E. (1973). Cartesianische Meditationen und Pariser Vorträge. (Hua I). Den Haag: Nijhoff.
• Husserl, E. (1976). Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosphie. Erstes Buch. (Hua III/1). Den Haag: Nijhoff.
• Husserl, E. (1984). Logische Untersuchungen. Zweiter Teil. Untersuchungen zur Phänomenologie und Theorie der Erkenntnis. (Hua XIX/1). Den Haag: Nijhoff.
• Kaehler, K. E. (1979). Leibniz. Der methodische Zwiespalt der Metaphysik der Substanz. Hamburg.
• Kant, I. (1993). Kritika chistogo razuma [Critique of pure reason]. St. Petersburg: Time-Out.
• Kant, I. (1998). Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Hamburg: Meiner Verlag.
• Leibniz, G. W. (1875). Die philosophischen schriften (Vol. 1). Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
• Leibniz, G. W. (1885). Die philosophischen schriften (Vol. 6). Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
• Leibniz, G. W. (1890). Die philosophischen schriften (Vol. 7). Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
• Mahnke, D. (1925). Leibnizens Synthese von Universalmathematik und Individual-Metaphysik. Halle: Faksimile-Neudruck.
• Marbach, E. (1974). Das Problem des Ich in der Phänomenologie Husserls. Den Haag: Kluwer.
• Pflaumer, R. (1968). Zum Ich-Charakter der Monade. Studia Leibnitiana, Supplementa, (I), 148–160.

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THE PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION
K. KAEHLER
CONSCIOUSNESS AND ITS PHENOMENA: LEIBNIZ, KANT, HUSSERL

Abstract
The article treats the notion of consciousness in three theories: those of Leibniz, Kant and Husserl. Klaus Kaehler tends to examine how these three doctrines relate to each other and whether it is possible to register a linear development among them. Though Kaehler un- derlines difficulties in comparing views of these philosophers, he draws some informative parallels between them. The author starts off by mentioning Leibniz as the bearer of the initial understanding of consciousness and emphasizing that Leibniz' monadology contains the basic form of the ideas which will be later expressed by Kant and Husserl. Defining consciousness as the notion of the being's mode, and accordingly, the structure of the subject, Kaehler unfolds the interpretation of this notion both before the transcendental turn and after it. He holds Leibniz to be responsible for the transcendental turn, as Kaehler finds a crucial element of Leibniz' theory: the dependence of each and every being from the independent substantial unity (the monad). According to Leibniz, the outer world exists only in the form of mutual self-representation of the monads. What Kant does, according to Kaehler, is that he on the basis of Leibniz notes that not only an existing individual substance, but the finite reason-subject should be considered in its limits. As a result, everything existing is determined by the immanent structure of the subjectivity. Husserl in his turn insists on examining the activities and intentionality of the consciousness. sort of substantiality or relation from this notion.

Key words
Leibniz, Kant, Husserl, consciousness, transcendental turn, reason, perspectivism.

References

• Kaehler, K. E. (2000). Das Bewusstsein und seine Phänomene: Leibniz, Kant und Husserl. In R. Cristin & K. Sakai (Eds.), Phänomenologie und Leibniz (42-74). Freiburg, München: Karl Alber.
• Keler, K. (2014). Soznanie i ego fenomeny: Leibnits, Kant i Gusserl'. [Consciousness and its Phenomena: Leibniz, Kant and Husserl]. Horizon. Fenomenologicheskie issledovaniya. [Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology], 3 (2), 169-190. (in Russian).
• Shelling, F. V. I. (2002). Drugaya deduktsiya printsipov pozitivnoi filosofii. [Another Deduction of Principles of Positive Pilosophy]. In Filosofiya otkroveniya v dvukh tomakh. Tom vtoroi. [Philosophy of Revelation in Two Volumes. Volume Two] (375-398). St. Peterburg: Nauka. (in Russian).

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Views: 5355

OSCAR BECKER
THE VACUITY OF ART AND THE DARING OF THE ARTIST

Abstract
This paper is the first publication of a translation of the classical phenomenological article by Oskar Becker into Russian. It contains an exemplary application of phenomenological method in the field of esthetics. The aim of the article's author is to introduce the new category of “vacuity” (it goes from K. Solger) in the former esthetics. Becker believes that vacuity is a constitutive feature of the beautiful as well as of the esthetic domain as such. He also calls it “fragility” and “frailness”. The philosopher uses the method of separation (die Abhebung) trying to distinguish the proper meaning of fragility and the similar but not identical phenomena. He states that fragility belongs to any esthetical phenomenon regardless of its tragic or comic character or of its character of pulchritudo vaga. The analysis of the possibility of the disinterested pleasure as opposed to the phenomenon of “thrill” in the field of esthetics given by Becker is of very importance. Generally, he thinks that the esthetical objects are phenomena as phenomena. And their way of being is auto to phainesthai in the sense of Th. Hobbes. The main thesis relating to the esthetical phenomena by Becker, who follows F. Schelling here, is that their ontological basis is in the identity of conscious and unconscious principles of being. In conclusion, Becker analyses of the temporality of being of an artist basing on Heidegger's hermeneutical ontology. Becker, however, introduces his own notion of stateliness (die Getragenheit), which shows that the being of an artist is raised by grace of nature outside the ordinary historicity. Thus, the temporal mode of being of an artist is the eternal presence according to Becker.

Key words
Phenomenology, Phenomenon, Esthetics, Art, Artist, Way of Being, the Beautiful, Historicity, Nature, the Conscious, the Unconscious.

References

• Cohen, H. (1889). Kants Begründung der Aesthetik. Berlin: Fred.
• Erdmann, J. E. (1878). Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie. Berlin: Wilhelm Herz.
• Gegel', G. V. F. (1968). Estetika. V chetyrekh tomakh. Tom pervyi. [Esthetics in Four Volumes. Volume One]. Moskva: Iskusstvo. (in Russian).
• Geiger, M. (1913). Beiträge zur Phänomenologie des ästhetischen Genusses. In Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung, (Vol. 1), (567–684). Halle: Max Niemeyer.
• Geiger, M. (1928). Zugänge zur Ästhetik. Leipzig: Der Neue Geist.
• Gel'derlin, F. (1988). Giperion. Stikhi. Pis'ma. Syuzetta Gontar. Pis'ma Diotimy. [Hyperion. Lyrics. Letters. Suesette Gontard. Lotters of Diotima]. Moskva: Nauka. (in Russian).
• Gete, I. V. (1964). Izbrannye filosofskie proizvedeniya. [Selected Philosophical Works]. Moskva: Nauka. (in Russian).
• Gobbs, T. (1989). Osnov filosofii. Chast' pervaya. O tele. [Elements of Philosophy. Part One. Concerning Body]. Sochineniya v dvukh tomakh. Tom pervyi. [Works in Two Volumes. Volume One]. Moskva: Mysl'. (in Russian).
• Gomer. (1953). Odisseya. [Odyssey] . Moskva: State publishing house of literature. (in Russian).
• Hegel, G.W.F. (1842). Vorlesungen über Aesthetik. Berlin: Dunker und Humblot.
• Heidegger, M. (1927). Sein und Zeit. Halle: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
• Husserl, E. (1900). Logische Untersuchungen . Band 1. Prolegomena zur reinen Logik. Halle: Max Niemeyer.
• Husserl, E. (1913). Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie. Erstes Buch: Allgemeine Einführung in die reine Phänomenologie. Halle: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
• Kant, I. (1790). Kritik der Urteilskraft. Berlin, Libau: Lagarde und Friedrich.
• Kant, I. (1966). Kritika sposobnosti suzhdeniya. [Critiques of Judgment]. Sochineniya v shesti tomakh. Tom pyatyi. [Papers in Six Volumes. Volume Five]. Moskva: Mysl'. (in Russian).
• Lukács, G. V. (1917-18). Die Subject-Objekt Beziehung in der Aesthetik. Logos, (7), 1-39.
• Müller, W. (1821). Sieben und siebzig Gedichte aus den hinterlassenen Papieren eines reisenden Waldhornisten. Dessau: Ackermann.
• Platon. (1993). Parmenid. [Parmenides]. Sobranie sochinenii v chetyrekh tomakh. Tom vtoroi. [Collected Works in Four Volumes. Volume Two]. Moskva: Mysl'. (in Russian).
• Schelling, F.W.J. (1800). System des transzendentalen Idealismus. Tübingen: Cotta'sche Buchhandlung.
• Shelling, F. V. I. (1987). Sistema trastsendental'nogo idealizma. [The System of Transcendental Idealism]. Sochineniya v dvukh tomakh. Tom pervyi. [Works in Two Volumes. Volume One]. Moskva: Mysl'. (in Russian).
• Shiller, F. (1955 a). Sobranie sochinenii v semi tomakh. Tom pervyi. [Collected Works in Seven Volumes. Volume One]. Moskva: State publishing house of literature. (in Russian).
• Shiller, F. (1955 b). Sobranie sochinenii v semi tomakh. Tom vtoroi. [Collected Works in Seven Volumes. Volume Two]. Moskva. State publishing house of literature. (in Russian).
• Shiller, F. (1975). Dramy. Stikhotvoreniya. [Dramas, Lyrics]. Moskva: State publishing house of literature. (in Russian).
• Solger, K.W. F. (1907). Erwin. Vier Gespräche über das Schöne und die Kunst. Berlin: Wiegedant, Greiben.
• Zol'ger, K.V. F. (1978). Ervin. Chetyre dialoga o prekrasnom i ob iskusstve. [Erwin. The Four Dialogues on Beauty and Art]. Moskva: Iskusstvo. (in Russian)

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THE PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION
O. BECKER
THE VACUITY OF ART AND THE DARING OF THE ARTIST

Abstract
This paper is the first publication of a translation of the classical phenomenological article by Oskar Becker into Russian. It contains an exemplary application of phenomenological method in the field of esthetics. The aim of the article's author is to introduce the new category of “vacuity” (it goes from K. Solger) in the former esthetics. Becker believes that vacuity is a con- stitutive feature of the beautiful as well as of the esthetic domain as such. He also calls it “fragility” and “frailness”. The philosopher uses the method of separation (die Abhebung) trying to distinguish the proper meaning of fragility and the similar but not identical phenomena. He states that fragility belongs to any esthetical phenomenon regardless of its tragic or comic character or of its character of pulchritudo vaga. The analysis of the possibility of the disinterested pleasure as opposed to the phenomenon of “thrill” in the field of esthetics given by Becker is of very importance. Generally, he thinks that the esthetical objects are phenomena as phenomena. And their way of being is auto to phainesthai in the sense of Th. Hobbes. The main thesis relating to the esthetical phenomena by Becker, who follows F. Schelling here, is that their ontological basis is in the identity of conscious and unconscious principles of being. In conclusion, Becker analyses of the temporality of being of an artist basing on Heidegger's hermeneutical ontology. Becker, however, introduces his own notion of stateliness (die Getragenheit), which shows that the being of an artist is raised by grace of nature outside the ordinary historicity. Thus, according to Becker.

Key words
Phenomenology, Phenomenon, Esthetics, Art, Artist, Way of Being, the Beautiful, Historicity, Nature, the Conscious, the Unconscious.

References

• Becker, O. (1927). Mathematische Existenz. Untersuchungen zur Logik und Ontologie mathematischer Phänomene. In Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung (Vol.VIII), (440–809). Halle: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
• Becker, O. (1929). Von der Hinfälligkeit des Schönen und der Abenteuerlichkeit des Künstlers. In Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung. Ergänzungsband (27–52). Halle: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
• Becker, O. (1930 a) Die Philosophie Edmund Husserls. In Kant Studien (Vol. 35), (119–150). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
• Becker, O. (1930 b). Zur Logik der Modalitäten. In Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung (Vol. XI), (497–548). Halle: Max Niemeyer.
• Becker, O. (1933 a). Eine voreudoxische Proportionslehre und ihre Spuren bei Aristoteles und Euklid. In Eudoxos-Studien. 5 Teile. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Mathe-matik, Astronomie und Physik (Vol. II), (311–333). Berlin: Springer.
• Becker, O. (1933 b). Warum haben die Griechen die Existenz der vierten Proportionale angenommen. In Eudoxos-Studien. 5 Teile. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Mathe-matik, Astronomie und Physik (Vol. II), (369–387). Berlin: Springer.
• Becker, O. (1936 a). Spuren eines Stetigkeitsaxioms in der Art des Dedekindschen zur Zeit des Eudoxos. In Eudoxos-Studien. 5 Teile. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Mathe-matik, Astronomie und Physik (Vol. III), (236–244). Berlin: Springer.
• Becker, O. (1936 b). Das Prinzip vom ausgeschlossenen Dritten in der griechischen Mathematik. In Eudoxos-Studien. 5 Teile. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Mathe-matik, Astronomie und Physik (Vol. III), (370–388). Berlin: Springer.
• Becker, O. (1936 c). Die eudoxische Lehre von den Ideen und den Farben. In Eudoxos-Studien. 5 Teile. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Mathe-matik, Astronomie und Physik (Vol. III), (389–410). Berlin: Springer.
• Becker, O. (1937). Transzendenz und Paratranszendenz. In R. Bayer (Ed.), Travaux du IX Congrès International de Philosophie (97–104). Paris: Extrait.
• Becker, O. (1943). Para-Existenz. Menschliches Dasein und Dawesen. Blätter für deutsche Philosophie, (17), 62–95.
• Becker, O. (1944). Leibnitz, der deutsche Denker und gute Europäer. Bonn: Gerb. Scheur.
• Becker, O. (1952). Untersuchungen über den Modalkalkül. Meisenheim am Glan: Westkulturverlag Anton Hain.
• Becker, O. (1957). Das mathematische Denken der Antike. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
• Becker, O. (1959). Größe und Grenze der mathematischen Denkweise. Freiburg: Karl Alber.
• Becker, O. (1960). Die Aktualität des pythagoreischen Gedankens. In Gadamer-Festschrift (7–30). Tübingen: Mohr.
• Becker, O. (1963). Dasein und Dawesen. Gesammelte philosophische Aufsätze. Neske: Pfullingen.
• Dauben, J. W., & Scriba, C. (Eds.). (2002). Writing the History of Mathematics. Basel: Birkhäuser.
• Gethmann-Siefert, A., & Mittelstraß, D. (Eds.). (2002). Zum Werk Oskar Beckers. München: Fink.
• Hogrebe, W. (2009). Die Selbstverstrickung des Philosophen Oskar Becker. In H.-J. Sandkühler (Ed.), Philosophie im Nationalsozialismus (157–190). Hamburg: Meiner.
• Jones, B. (2012). Oskar Becker. In S. Brown, D. Collinson, & R. Wilkinson (Eds.), Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers (57–58). London: Routledge.
• Khaidegger, M. (1997) Bytie i vremya [Being and Time]. Moskva: Ad Marginem.
• Löwith, K. (1986). Mein Leben in Deutschland vor und nach 1933: ein Bericht. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler.
• Peckhaus, V. (Ed.). (2005). Oskar Becker und die Philosophie der Mathematik. München: Fink.
• Pöggeler, O. (1965). Hermenetische und mantische Phänomnologie. Philosophische Rundschau, (13), 1–39.
• Pöggeler, O. (1969). Oskar Becker als Philosoph. In Kant Studien (Vol. 60), (298–311). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
• Pöggeler, O. (2002). Phänomenologie und philosophische Forschung bei Oskar Becker. In A. Gethmann-Siefert & J. Mittelstraß (Eds.), Die Philosophie und die Wissenschaften. Zum Werk Oskar Beckers (13–25). München.
• Sattler, J. (2011). Phänomenologie und Ontologie bei Oskar Becker (Ph.D. Thesis, FernUniversität in Hagen, University of Hagen, Germany). Retrieved from http://deposit.fernuni-hagen.de/2764/1/ Diss_Sattler.pdf.
• Sepp, H. R. (1998). Die Ästhetik Oskar Beckers. Axiomathes, (9), 105–116.
• Zimny, L. (1969). Becker — Bibliographie. In G. Funke, & J. Kopper (Eds.), Kant Studien (Vol. 60), (319–330). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.

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STAGES OF HUSSERL'S PHILOSOPHY AND INTENTION OF PHENOMENOLOGY

Abstract
When discussing Husserl's phenomenology, it is often divided into separate stages which have no internal relationship between them. Husserl's anti-psychologism can be opposed to phenomenological psychology, anti-historicism to unfolding of inter-subjective historical worlds, the concept of phenomenology as strict science to criticism of science from the perspective of transcendental self-experience, though by looking for contradictions, we will see only separate aspects of phenomenology and will not notice the general structure of phenomenology. In order to understand the meaning of Husserl's phenomenology, it is necessary to find the unifying thread connecting different elements and levels of phenomenology. When discussing the genesis of phenomenological philosophy, we should not emphasise differences between separate stages, but understand what relates them. In this article the whole of Husserl's phenomenology was reconstructed following the common intention of phenomenology which I understood as criticism of objectivism and naturalism. This intention can be found at all stages of Husserl's phenomenology.

Key words
Phenomenological criticism, transcendental empiricism, criticism of psychologism, transcendental consciousness, inter-subjectivity.

References

• Depraz, N. (2003). Transcendentalinis empirizmas: tarp Husserlio ir Derrida [Transcendental Empiricism: between Husserl and Derrida]. Problemos, (63), 84–95.
• Heidegger, M. (2011). History of the Concept of Time. Prolegomena. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
• Held, K. (1989). Husserls These von der Europäisierung der Menschheit. In Ch. Jamme, & O. Pöggeler (Eds.), Phänomenologie im Widerstreit (13-39). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
• Husserl, E. (1959). Erste Philosophie (1923–24). Zweiter Teil: Theorie der phänomenologischen Reduktion. (Hua VIII). Haag: Martinus Nijhoff.
• Husserl, E. (1970). The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: an Introduction to Phenomenological Philosophy. Evanston: Nortwestern University Press.
• Husserl, E. (1976). Die Krisis der Europäischen Wissenschaften und die transcendentale Phänomenologie. Eine Einleitung in die phänomenologische Philosophie. (Hua VI). Haag: Martinus Nijhoff.
• Husserl, E. (1973). Cartesian Meditations. An Introduction to Phenomenology. (Hua I). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
• Husserl, E. (1983). Ideas pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy. First Book: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology. Netherlands: Kluwer.
• Husserl, E. (1988). Gesammelte Werke. Aufsätze und Vorträge (1922–1937). (Hua XXVII). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
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• Waldenfels, B. (1999). Fenomenologiya opyta Edmunda Gusserlya [Edmund Husserl‘s phenomenology of experience]. In A. Mikhailov, & T. Shchittsova (Eds.), Motiv chuzhogo [Motive of someone else] (15-48). Minsk: Propilei.