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THE HEIDEGGERIAN CONCEPT OF DASEIN AND ITS ONTOLOGICAL MODALITY: DAS MAN

Abstract
The paper presents a non-standard interpretation of the celebrated Heideggerian existential das Man in terms of its oft-underrated unity with Dasein—an entity of a special ontic-ontological prerogative. The present authors intend to highlight this essential theme in terms of the specific unity of Dasein being-in-the world, covering many subsequent and adjacent existentials in the analytics of the Heideggerian existential hermeneutics, especially Mitsein/Mitdasein. Dasein’s existence-essence is based on the structure of possibilities, and hence free, spontaneous choices, while Das Man is a concrete choice of a certain modus of existence rendering—as it were—all other modi invalid and non-operational. Although Heidegger is far from taking up an ethical or moral stance in its traditional understanding, he is quite adamant that the phenomenon of das Man invalidates a truly human project of existing one’s own possibilities—to wit—be oneself (Jemeines).

Keywords
Being qua Being, existence, being-in-the-world, authenticity versus inauthenticity, depersonalisation, hermeneutics, existentialism.

References

• Blackham, H. J. (1965). Six Existentialist Thinkers. London: Routledge and Kegan.
• Caputo, J. (1984). Husserl, Heidegger and the Question of a ‘Hermeneutic’ Phenomenology. Husserl Studies, 1, 157–178.
• Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and Time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). Hoboken: Blackwell.
• Heidegger, M. (1993). What is Metaphysics? (D. F. Krell, Trans.). In D. F. Krell (Ed.), Martin Heidegger: Basic Writings (93–110). London: Routledge.
• Heidegger, M. (2000). Letter on Humanism (Frank. A. Capuzzi, Trans.). Global Religious Vision, 1, 83–110.
• Małecka, A. (2018). Rafał Wojaczek’s “Sickness Unto Non-Existence”. Studia Humanistyczne AGH, 17 (3), 51-60.
• Marias, J. (1966). History of Philosophy. New York: Anchor.
• Mróz, P. (1997). Four Essays in Existentialism. Kraków: Aureus.
• Pöggeler, O. (1963). Martin Heidegger’s Path of Thinking (D. Magurshak & S. Barber, Trans.). Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press International.
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• Rubiczek, P. (1966). Existentialism For and Against. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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• Spiegelberg, H. (1969). The Phenomenological Movement. A Historical Introduction. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

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DIALOGIC PHENOMENOLOGY OF PAIN EXPERIENCE
SAULIUS GENIUSAS
THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF PAIN
Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2020. ISBN 978-0-8214-2403-2

Abstract
The review focuses on Saulius Geniusas’ book, The Phenomenology of Pain. In this study, Geniusas develops his own systematic phenomenology of the experience of pain, based primarily on the conceptual resources of Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology. In doing so, the philosopher formulates and successfully implements original methodological principles of “dialogical phenomenology.” Such a phenomenology consists of, on the one hand, strict phenomenological analysis of pain based on the methods of epoché, phenomenological reduction and eidetic variation, and on the other hand, of actual and partly polemical inclusion of phenomenological point of view in the ongoing discussion of pain in the social and biological sciences. The author manages to do this by supplementing his eidetic analysis of the essence of pain experience with the method of “factual variations” and by appealing to the analytical optics of Husserl’s late genetic phenomenology. This way the book reflects—on strictly phenomenological grounds—numerous findings from the sociology and biology of pain. The book relies on the tradition of phenomenological research, offers a conceptual reconstruction of the key dispute about pain that took place in this tradition (between Franz Brentano and Carl Stump) and, in its turn, grounds the positive sciences of pain in the direct evidence of experience itself.

Keywords
phenomenology, eidetics, pain, intentionality, stratified experience, sensation, feeling.

References

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• Brentano, F. (1996). Selected Works. Rus. Ed. Moskva: Dom intellektual’noi knigi, Russkoe fenomenologicheskoe obshchestvo Publ. (In Russian)
• Buytendijk, F. J. J. (1962). Pain: Its Modes and Functions (Eda O’Shiel, Trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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• Fizette, D., Koniaev, S., & Sultanova, M. (2017). Love and Hate: Brentano and Stumpf on Emotions and Sense-Feeling. Filosofskaia antropologiia, 2, 161-178. doi: 10.21146/2414-3715-2017-3-2-161-178. (In Russian)
• Geniusas, S. (2014). The Origins of the Phenomenology of Pain: Brentano, Stumpf and Husserl. Continental Philosophy Review, 47 (1), 1–17.
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• Geniusas, S. (2017a). Phenomenology of Chronic Pain: De-Personalization and Re-Personalization. In Rysewyk, S. Van (Ed.), Meanings of Pain (147–64). Dordrecht: Springer.
• Geniusas, S. (2017b). Pain and Intentionality. In Walton, R., Taguchi S. & Rubio R. (Eds.), Perception, Affectivity, and Volition in Husserl’s Phenomenology (113–36). Dordrecht: Springer.
• Geniusas, S. (2020). Beyond Naturalism and Social Constructionism: The Function of Phenomenology in Pain Research. Topos, 1, 137-157.
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• Good, B. J. (1994). Medicine, Rationality, and Experience. An Anthropological Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Good, M. J. Del V., Brodwin P., Good, B. J., & Kleinman, A. (Eds.). (1994). Pain as Human Experience: An Anthropological Perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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• Husserl, E. (1999). Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy: First Book: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology. Rus. Ed. Moskva: Dom intellektual’noi knigi Publ. (In Russian)
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HEIDEGGER'S BEING, RAHNER'S GOD: IS THE QUESTION STILL RELEVANT OR ALREADY ANSWERED?

Abstract
The secularized and rational-oriented mindset of the Western civilization does not preclude important elements of a religious worldview. The objective of the present study is to come to understand the role the categories of Being and God play in the present day spiritual situation. Heidegger’s and Rahner’s views are considered here within the prospective of the paradigmatic process. The latter marks the fading away of the classical understanding of God and search for new and divine meanings. Therefore I suggest considering some of the most significant motifs in the two philosophers’ reflection as regards the history of western civilization and our epoch in the context of the categories of God and Being. Among these motifs there are such attitudes as subjectivism, self-suggestion, disposal of beings, planetarism, oblivion of Being, loss of origins, groundlessness, alienation, situation of meaninglessness. It is due to these attitudes, especially owing to meaninglessness, that many people tend to raise again the issue of the concealed, the encompassing, God or Being. Or perhaps speaking about “Being” and “God” can be interpreted as something that leads to the oblivion of Being and to atheism. “Being” in Heidegger and “God” in Rahner single out the existential centre to which forms of life are related. Nowadays it is forgotten or even vanishes. “God” or “Being” hold everything together and confer meaning thereto. Could it be exactly what modern man is in search of? One has to find answers to these questions.

Keywords
being, God, “the fate of being,” concealed, encompassing, subjectivism, self-suggestion, disposal of beings, groundlessness, meaninglessness.

References

• Gadamer, H.-G. (1983). Heideggers Wege. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).
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ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF PHENOMENOLOGY IN LATVIA: 1920-2020

Abstract
Looking over a hundred years, it should be acknowledged that phenomenological studies in Latvia were initially carried out in the twenties and thirties of the 20th century, starting with 1) Husserl’s studies and criticism of solipsism (T. Celms), 2) phenomenological analysis of forms of community (K. Stavenhagen), and 3) development of cognitive phenomenology in Ladusāns’ many-sided gnoseology. It was not possible to work on phenomenology during the harsher years of the Soviet regime (1945-1970), but in the mid-1970s, a phenomenological circle emerged in Riga under the influence of Nelly Motroshilova and Merab Mamardashvili. Its focus was on the issues of consciousness and language, on phenomenological ontology, communication, time-consciousness. Since 1990, phenomenological studies have been expanding, four international conferences have been held in Latvia in cooperation with the World Phenomenology Institute, nine monographs on phenomenology have been published, and 56 articles from Latvia have been published in Analecta Husserliana. Themes of papers and presentations included historicity, space and time, passions, teleology, educational philosophy, aesthetics. Since 2005, nine phenomenology-related doctoral theses have been defended in Riga. Over the last decade, greater focus has been given to applied phenomenology, its relationships with medicine, social media, violence research. Phenomenologists influenced a transformation of classical philosophy towards wider horizons and reflected the necessity to consider concepts of life, nature, body, we-consciousness, it also opened the way for contemporary perspective dialogue with cognitive sciences, linguistics, identity studies and psychoanalysis.

Keywords
phenomenology in Latvia, Husserl, Celms, Stavenhagen, Ladusāns, Motroshilova, Mamardashvili, Riga Phenomenological Circle, Tymieniecka, critical realism, cognition phenomenology, eco-phenomenology.

References

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P. CHEYNE, A. HAMILTON, M. PADDISON (EDS.).
PHILOSOPHY OF RHYTHM: AESTHETICS, MUSIC, POETICS
New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. ISBN 978-0-19-934778-0

Abstract
The review provides an outline of the collective monograph The Philosophy of Rhythm: Aesthetics, Music, Poetics, edited by Peter Cheyne, Andy Hamilton and Max Paddison, published by Oxford University Press, 2019. Concept of rhythm is analysed from different perspectives—philosophical, musicological and psychological. It considers a multidisciplinary approach and also includes both analytic and continental philosophical traditions. Rhythm is viewed as a pulse that is going through various metric structures including particular pieces of music, paintings, examples of poetry and philosophy. Twenty eight authors from the entire world discuss rhythm and specify definitions of rhythm. They try to give answers on crucial questions uniting experienced rhythm in philosophy and arts, thus giving an important contribution to rhythm studies. The book is organised thematically and based on different aspects of rhythm manifestations. The main questions of the research are as follows: How is rhythm experienced? Does rhythm necessarily involve movement? Why rhythm is so deeply rooted in human? How can static configurations be rhythmic? How does a rhythmic structure change from a stable pattern to a flexible texture? All these questions concern two interwoven issues common for the volume in general: immanence of rhythm to arts and human experience of it.

Keywords
rhythm, movement, time, space, art, philosophy, multidisciplinarity, aesthetics, experience.

References

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• Cheyne, P., Hamilton, A., & Paddison, M. (Eds.). (2019). The Philosophy of Rhythm: Aesthetics, Music, Poetics. New York: Oxford University Press.
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