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WITOLD PŁOTKA, PATRICK ELDRIDGE (EDS.)
EARLY PHENOMENOLOGY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. MAIN FIGURES, IDEAS, AND PROBLEMS
Contributions to Phenomenology, Vol. 113. Springer, 2020. ISBN 978-3-030-39622-0

Abstract
The collective volume Early Phenomenology in Central and Eastern Europe: Main Figures, Ideas, and Problems, edited by Witold Płotka and Patrick Eldridge, enriches the ongoing and highly topical research of the history of phenomenology with the thematization of a specific period and localization of phenomenology. The authors of eleven chapters explore the emergence of phenomenology in local traditions outside the Germanophone area, its appropriation and development, describing the unique forms it acquired in individual environments. The book clarifies the characteristics of the early wave of phenomenology and provides a list of Central and Eastern European phenomenologists who participated in it. On the one hand, the volume is a contribution to historiography, enriching the study of the history of phenomenology thematically and thus contributing to the development of phenomenology itself; on the other hand, it introduces its own set of philosophical problems. These concern methodology and the issue of the Central and Eastern European identity, which is examined through the prism of the development of local traditions of phenomenology. When exploring the latter it is useful to introduce the concept of the marginocentric. This concept, which originated in comparative literature, facilitates an understanding of the unique cultural configuration of a concrete tradition in its communication with internal and external environments.

Keywords
phenomenological movement, historiography of phenomenology, Central and Eastern Europe, early phenomenology, local tradition, marginocentric, Husserl, Husserl’s students.

References

• Płotka, W., & Eldridge, P. (Eds.) (2020). Early Phenomenology in Central and Eastern Europe. Main Figures, Ideas, and Problems. Contributions to Phenomenology, Vol. 113. Berlin: Springer.
• Sabatos, Ch. (2020). Bratislava as a Cultural Borderland in the Danubian Narratives of Patrick Leigh Fermor and Claudio Magris. World Literature Studies, 12 (4), 3-19.

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RADICAL DEMAND AND SPONTANEITY IN K. E. LØGSTRUP’S PHENOMENOLOGICAL ETHICS WITH CONTINUOUS REFERENCE TO S. KIERKEGAARD

Abstract
Danish philosopher and theologian Knud Ejler Løgstrup (1905-1981) was professor of ethics and philosophy at the University of Aarhus. During his lifetime he published numerous books in phenomenology. In the context of the current article we should mention here Norm and Spontaneity, Art and Ethics and, the most significant, The Ethical Demand and Controverting Kierkegaard. The purpose of the current article is research the basic notions of his ontological ethics—the ethical imperative (radical, unspoken, one-sided and unfulfillable) and the sovereign expressions of life (trust, mercy, love, forgiveness, open speech, etc.). If the first one regards the demand for unselfish actions of the individual, then the second one –spontaneity and openness towards the other. In order to disclose these notions, the article confronts Løgstrup’s interpretation with Søren Kierkegaard’s (1813-1855) ethical stance, since the concept of sovereign expressions of life was offered to the reader in the book Controverting Kierkegaard. Løgstrup criticizes Kierkegaard for not paying attention to the real life phenomena and concentrating upon the solely religious self-reflection of the nuclear abstract individual. The article consists of introduction, two parts and conclusion. The introduction sets the stage for further investigation giving the historical background, tracing influences by the leading phenomenologists of the 20th century (a special role here is assigned to Hans Lipps, Martin Heidegger and Frederic Gogarten). The first part is devoted to the explication of the ethical imperative, while the second part—to the sovereign expressions of life and human interdependence. The research is summarized in the conclusion, stressing possibility to apply Løgstrup’s phenomenological approach in nursing and psychiatry.

Keywords
Knud Ejler Løgstrup, Søren Kierkegaard, ethical demand, sovereign expressions of life, spontaneity, interdependence.

References

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• Løgstrup, K. E. (1995). Metaphysics, Vols.1, 2. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.
• Løgstrup, K. E. (1997). The Ethical Demand. Notre Dame, IN.: Notre Dame University Press.
• Løgsturp, K. E. (1998). Ophav og omgivelse: betragtninger over historie og natur. Metafysik III. Køpenhavn: Gyldendal.
• Løgstrup, K. E. (2007). Beyond the Ethical Demand. Notre Dame, IN.: Notre Dame University Press.
• Løgstrup, K. E. (2010). Den etiske fordring. Aarhus: Forlaget Klim.
• Løgstrup, K. E. (2013). Opgør med Kierkegaard. Aarhus: Forlaget Klim.
• Løgstrup, K. E. (2017). The Anthropology of Kant’s Ethics. In What Is Ethically Demanded? K. E. Løgstrup’s Philosophy of Moral Life. Notre Dame, IN.: Notre Dame University Press.
• Løgstrup, K. E. (2020a). Ethical Concepts and Problems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Løgstrup, K. E. (2020b). Kierkegaard’s and Heidegger’s Analysis of Existence and its Relation to Proclamation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Stern, R. (2019). The Radical Demand in Løgstrup’s Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Sviland, R., Martinsen, K., & Nicholls, D. A. (2020). Løgstrup’s Thinking: A Contribution to Ethics in Physiotherapy. Physiotherapy Theory Practice, 13, 1-13.

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HUSSERL AND DIMENSIONS OF TEMPORALITY: A FRAMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TEMPORAL EXPERIENCE

Abstract
Temporality is one of the key components of our experience, but the experience of time is hardly one and the same for all of us throughout our lives. The experience of time in its entirety is not solid and simple. It is a fluid and complex phenomenon consisting of a multitude of dimensions. In medical phenomenology and phenomenological psychopathology there are ample cases of different temporal experiences analysed in the context of the illness experience. However, only a few attempts have been made to propose a conceptual framework that could not only be used to conduct a concrete analysis in a more systematic manner, but also provide a solid and comprehensive theoretical basis. The aim of this article is to draw on the rich distinctions found in Husserl’s phenomenology to outline a framework of different temporal dimensions for the analysis of temporal experience. The framework could provide conceptual tools to analyse temporal experiences in any field of study that deals with the human experience, including medical phenomenology and phenomenological psychopathology. The resulting analysis would be not only clearer, more comprehensive and precise, but also more systematic and conceptually consistent. The framework consists of fourteen dimensions of temporal experience ordered in seven binary distinctions: (1) change and structure, (2) immanence and transcendence, (3) ownness and intersubjectivity, (4) passivity and activity, (5) receptivity and spontaneity, (6) presentation and representation, (7) unthematized temporality and thematized temporality.

Keywords
phenomenology, Edmund Husserl, time experience, temporality, framework, altered states of consciousness, psychopathology, qualitative research.

References

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SICHÜBERLIEFERUNG: RE-MOVING THE HISTORY OF BEING AS PRESENCE

Abstract
How are we to responsively belong to tradition? This paper retrieves the concept of self-tradition (Sichüberlieferung) in Heidegger’s magnum opus Being and Time (1927). We will take as a guiding light Heidegger’s designation of a mode of his phenomenology as “phenomenology of the inapparent” expressed in the 1973 Zähringen Seminar. We will pay special heed to the function of the middle voice, neutrality of Da-sein, and tautology in the question of Being and history and bring to light the relation between authentic temporality and authentic historicity in a tautological turning of the selfsame. We will make a remark on the delay of Da-sein’s authentic historicity in the light of the “self-tradition” which marks Heidegger’s non-metaphysical response to the heritage of metaphysics of presence. In the wake of the phenomenology of the inapparent, we will turn to Derrida’s 2008 text The Animal that Therefore I Am to explore Derrida’s different approach to free the “I am” from that of Heidegger’s Da-sein whose being is set in Jeweilig-Jemeinigkeit. We will show how Derrida’s invention of animot enables him and us to speak with the voices of our non-human animal others and enables us to free ourselves from the fixities of presence of the present in our thought, language, and sensitivity. In a relay of the two philosophers’ reading of us and their ways of self-overcoming of man as rational animal, we will learn to be in question and to learn to relate to one another without reducing one to the other and other to the one.

Keywords
repetition, ek-sistence, ecstatic temporality, authentic historicity, self-tradition, the middle voice, tautology, animot.

References

• Courtine, J-F. (1993). Phenomenology and/or Tautology. In J. Sallis (Ed.), Reading Heidegger (241-257). USA: Indiana University Press.
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TEMPORALITY AS A SPATIAL FIELD OF PRESENCE

Abstract
According to Merleau-Ponty in his Phenomenology of Perception, we experience time as a “field of presence.” In his words, “It is in my ‘field of presence’ in the widest sense […] that I make contact with time, and learn to know its course.” This field is fundamental. It elucidates my spatial apprehension. In his words: “Perception provides me with a ‘field of presence’ in the broad sense, extending in two dimensions: the here-there dimension and the past-present-future dimension. The second elucidates the first.” In other words, I understand the spatial “here-there” dimension in terms of the temporal dimension. The “there” is what I immediately grasp in still having in hand “the immediate past.” In this article, I propose to examine the general conception of time as a field of presence. This examination can be seen as a kind of “thought experiment,” where we see what happens when we reverse this relation—i.e., when we elucidate the “past-present-future dimension” in terms of the “here-there dimension.” Such a reversal, I will argue, brings to the fore the pragmatic, spatial character of lived time. Not only does it bring about a revision of horizonal structure of the field of presence, it also has consequences for psycho-analytical research.

Keywords
spatiality, field of presence, temporality, perception, Merleau-Ponty, Husserl, Heidegger.

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