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CHALLENGING INGARDEN’S “RADICAL” DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE REAL AND THE LITERARY

Abstract
Ingarden’s phenomenology of aesthetics is characterised primarily as a realist ontological approach which is secondarily concerned with acts of consciousness. This approach leads to a stark contrast between spatiotemporal objects and literary objects. Ontologically, the former is autonomous, totally determined, and in possession of infinite attributes, whilst the latter is a heteronomous intentional object that has only limited determinations and infinitely many “spots of indeterminacy.” Although spots of indeterminacy are often discussed, the role they play in contrasting the real and literary object is not often disputed. Through a close reading of Ingarden’s ontological works and texts on aesthetics, this essay contests the purity of Ingarden’s ontological approach and the ensuing disparity between real and literary object, particularly on the question of spots of indeterminacy. I do this by demonstrating the following five theses: 1) Ingarden’s claim that the real object has an infinitude of properties belies an epistemology, and we should instead conclude that ontologically the real object’s properties are finite. 2) Ingarden’s a priori argument that absent properties of real objects are ontologically determined is unsound. 3) The radical difference between the infinitude and finitude of givenness and absence of the real and the literary object ought to be relativised. 4) Indeterminacies within the novel are concretised in much the same way that absent properties of real objects are intended. 5) Literature makes claims that have a truth value that we can attribute to their author.

Key words
: Ingarden’s aesthetics, Ingarden’s ontology, real and literary objects, spots of indeterminacy, finitude and infinitude, truth in literature.

References

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• Ingarden, R.(1973b). The Literary Work of Art. An Investigation on the Borderlines of Ontology, Logic, and Theory of Literarature (G.G.Grabowicz, Trans.). Evanston: Northwest University Press.
• Ingarden, R.(1983). On So-Called Truth in Literature. In P.J.McCormick (Ed.), Selected Papers in Aesthetics (133–162). Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press.
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ON ROMAN INGARDEN’S CONCEPTION OF ONTIC FOUNDATIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY: RESPONSIBILITY AS FOUNDATION OF ONTOLOGY?

Abstract
The Polish phenomenologist Roman Ingarden gained recognition primarily due to his research on aesthetics. However, he considered the ontology to be the main area of his philosophical interests. At the beginning of his scientific career, Ingarden realized that he could not agree with his teacher Edmund Husserl, who considered phenomenology as a transcendental philosophy. From Ingarden’s point of view, the fallacy of this approach lies in the fact that it leads to metaphysical idealism and makes it impossible to grasp the difference between real-life objects and intentional objects, i.e. objects generated by pure consciousness. In his main work Controversy over the Existence of the World (Der Streit um dieExistenz der Welt), Ingarden tried to identify the difference between the ontological structures of real and intentional objects, expecting in this way to uphold the legitimacy of a realistic point of view and to prove that the real world is not a product of pure consciousness, but exists independently of him. Nevertheless, the result achieved by using the existential and formal ontological analysis of the a priori structures of various objects turned out to be insufficient to refute Husserl’s transcendental idealism. The article focuses on the last lifetime publication of Ingarden—his book On Responsibility. Its Ontic Foundations (Über die Verantwortung. Ihre ontischen Fundamente) published in 1970. Since this work is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of responsibility, it may seem that here we are dealing primarily with research on ethics. The article attempts to show that the book can be read as an ontological study that continues the “debate about the existence of the world,” i.e. as an attempt to prove the reality of the world. However, this proof is no longer based on an analysis of the a priori structures of various objects, but on a direct experience of responsibility.

Key words
Roman Ingarden, phenomenology, ontology, responsibility.

References

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• Gołaszewska, M.(1976). Roman Ingarden’s Moral Philosophy. In A.-T.Tymieniecka (Ed.), Analecta Husserliana, Vol. 4: Ingardeniana. A Spectrum of Specialised Studies Establishing the Field of Research (73–103). Dordrecht: Springer.
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VIRTUAL OBJECTS: BECOMING REAL

Abstract
From an ontological point of view, virtuality is generally considered a simulation: i.e. not a case of true being, and never more than an illusory copy, referring in each instance to its real original. It is treated as something imagined — and, phenomenologically speaking, as an intentional object. It is also often characterized as fictive. On the other hand, the virtual world itself is extremely rich, and thanks to new technologies is growing with unbelievable speed, so that it now influences the real world in quite unexpected ways. Thus, it is also sometimes considered real. In this paper, against those who would regard virtuality as fictional or as real, I claim that the virtual world straddles the boundary between these two ways of existence: that it becomes real. I appeal to Roman Ingarden’s existential ontology to show that virtual objects become existentially autonomous, and so can be attributed a form of actuality and causal efficaciousness. I conclude that the existential autonomy and actuality of virtual objects makes them count as real objects, but also means that they undergo a change in their mode of existence.

Key words
: virtual object, real object, intentional object, becoming real, existential autonomy, actuality, existential ontology, Roman Ingarden, efficacy.

References

• Błaszczyk, P.(2009). Fragmenty ontologii Ingardena: o miejscach niedookreślenia przedmiotu czysto intencjonalnego. Filozofia Nauki, 17 (4), 71–93.
• Chalmers, D.J.(2017). The Virtual and the Real. Disputatio, 9 (46), 309–352. https://doi.org/10.1515/ disp-2017-0009
• Chiou, W.-B., Chen, S.-W., & Liao, D.-C.(2014). Does Facebook Promote Self-Interest? Enactment of Indiscriminate One-to-Many Communication on Online Social Networking Sites Decreases Prosocial Behavior. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17 (2), 68–73. https://doi. org/10.1089/cyber.2013.0035
• Głowala, M.(2019). Cztery wersje antyrealizmu co do przedmiotów wirtualnych. In P. Stacewicz, & B. Skowron (Eds.), Przedmioty wirtualne (75–89). Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej.
• Heim, M.(1993). The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Ingarden, R.(1973). The Literary Work of Art (G.G.Grabowicz, Trans.). Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
• Ingarden, R.(2013). The Controversy over the Existence of the World: Vol.I (A. Szylewicz, Trans.). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
• Ingarden, R.(2016). The Controversy over the Existence of the World: Vol.II (A. Szylewicz, Trans.). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
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• Skowron, B.(2014). Logika i fenomenologia. In W.Płotka (Ed.), Wprowadzenie do fenomenologii Interpretacje, zastosowania, problem (295-341). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo IFIS PAN.
• Skowron, B.(2019). O urealnianiu się przedmiotów wirtualnych. In P. Stacewicz, & B. Skowron (Eds.), Przedmioty wirtualne (62–74). Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej.
• Stacewicz, P., & Skowron, B.(unpublished). Between Fiction, Reality and Ideality: Virtual Objects as Computationally Grounded Intentional Objects
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BEYOND ONTOLOGY: ON BLAUSTEIN’S RECONSIDERATION OF INGARDEN’S AESTHETICS

Abstract
The article addresses the popular reading of Ingarden that his aesthetic theory is determined by ontology. This reading seems to suggest that, firstly, aesthetics lacks its autonomy, and, secondly, the subject of aesthetic experience is reproductive, and passive. The author focuses on Ingarden’s aesthetics formulated by him in the period of 1925–1944. Moreover, the study presents selected elements of Ingarden’s phenomenology of aesthetic experience, and by doing so, the author aims at showing how Ingarden’s aesthetics was reconsidered by Blaustein, a student of Ingarden, whose theory seems to lead one beyond the scope of ontology. Blaustein, namely, reconsiders Ingarden’s theory of purely intentional objects by interpreting it in a descriptive-psychological, or phenomenological fashion. The article is divided into four parts. In section 1, the author highlights historical interconnections between Ingarden, and Blaustein. Section 2.1. is devoted to Ingarden’s phenomenological approach towards aesthetic experience as a phasic structure. At this basis, in section 2.2., Ingarden’s early theory of intentional objects is to be discussed. Section 3 concerns Blaustein’s contribution to phenomenology of aesthetic experience. Given that Blaustein formulates his theory in discussion with Ingarden, section 3.1. is devoted to Blaustein’s critical assessment of Ingarden’s method, and aesthetics. Next, in section 3.2., the author presents Blaustein’s original theory of presentations, and its use in aesthetics. Finally, in section 4, the author lists similarities, and differences between Blaustein’s and Ingarden’s aesthetic theories.

Key words
aesthetic experience, descriptive psychology, purely intentional object, theory of presentations, Ingarden, Blaustein.

References

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• Blaustein, L.(1930b). Przedstawienia imaginatywne. Studyum z pogranicza psychologii i estetyki. Lvov: Wydawnictwo Polskiego Towarzystwa Filozoficznego we Lwowie.
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THE INGARDENIAN DISTINCTION BETWEEN INSEPARABILITY AND DEPENDENCE: HISTORICAL AND SYSTEMATIC CONSIDERATIONS

Abstract
In this paper I present the Ingardenian distinction between inseparability and dependence. My considerations are both historical and systematic. The historical part of the paper accomplishes two goals. First, I show that in the Brentanian tradition the problem of existential (or broadly: ontological) conditioning was entangled into parts—whole theories. The best examples of such an approach are Kazimierz Twardowski’s theory of the object and Edmund Husserl’s theory of parts and wholes. Second, I exhibit the context within which Ingarden distinguished inseparability and dependence. Moreover, Ingarden’s motivations are presented: the problem of understanding the Husserlian concept of “immanent transcendence,” the issue of the existence of purely intentional objects, and finally the problem of the relationship between individual objects and ideas. The systematic part deals with the ambiguity of Ingarden’s definition of inseparability. I seek to improve this definition by reference to the distinction(made by Ingarden himself) between absolute and summative wholes. I also present some divisions of inseparability and dependence and investigate whether these types of existential conditioning are reflexive, symmetric, or transitive.

Key words
inseparability, dependence, absolute whole, summative whole, Roman Ingarden, Edmund Husserl, Kazimierz Twardowski.

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