Article/Publication Details
Views: 3633

SAUL KRIPKE AND PHENOMENOLOGY. THE PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION OF S. KRIPKE’S ARTICLE “VACUOUS NAMES AND FICTIONAL ENTITIES”

Abstract
This paper aims to introduce the translation of Saul Kripke’s influential text to Russian-speaking readers. It shows that the work of American philosopher should be of interest and be useful among the phenomenologists especially. Kripke criticizes the reference theory of Russell and Frege and Hintikka’s logical analysis of the “cogito ergo sum” statement. In both cases he defends his own views on the predicate of existence and shows the change of its status depending on the kind of entity in every particular proposition. The mode of quantifier depends on a given situation which is described in the statement and in some cases the quantifier determines the conditions of the statement’s truth-value. Kripke shows that classical reference theories have no universal meaning; without a set of special stipulations they can only be applicable under limited conditions. He appeals to fiction and myth and writes about fictional characters as a special kind of abstract entities which exist in virtue of the activities of human beings and their interrelations. Kripke scrutinizes the possible relations between a fictional character and his historical prototype. The battery of his examples, his own reference theory including an entity as its core, his ontology of fictional reality and sophisticated philosophical technics are extremely useful materials to explain basic problems of classical phenomenology such as reduction, modification of a phenomenon in imagination, and regional ontologies. All of this provides tools helpful for the practical work of a phenomenologist. In particular, Kripke’s investigations and especially his examples about higher level fictions (fictions within fictions) could be used in the framework of the phenomenology of language when one needs to describe the interlocations of an author, a reader, and a fictional reality before undertaking noetic and noematic analysis.

Key words
Kripke, Husserl, phenomenology, phenomenology of language, reference, reality, fiction, existence, entity.

References

• Gogotishvili, L. A. (2006). Nepryamoe govorenie [Indirect Speaking]. Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskikh kul’tur. (in Russian).
• Gusserl’, E. (2015). Idei k chistoi fenomenologii i fenomenologicheskoi filosofii. Kn.1: Obshchee vvedenie v chistuyu fenomenologiyu [Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy. Vol.1: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology]. Moscow: Akademicheskii proekt. (in Russian).
• Kripke, S. (2011). Vacuous Names and Fictional Entities. In Philosophical Troubles: Collected Papers. Vol.1 (52–74). New York: Oxford University Press.

Article/Publication Details
Views: 3720

THE PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION OF N. HARTMANN’S ARTICLE “HEGEL AND THE PROBLEM OF REAL DIALECTICS”

Abstract
The article by German philosopher of first half of XX century N. Hartmann gives an idea about his position in the contra-opposition of leading realistic philosophic projects of both XIX and XX centuries. Brought up in neokantinean tradition of Marburg’s school N. Hartmann yet in his early works (Über das Seinsproblem in der griechischen Philosophie vor Plato and Des Proklus Diadochus philosophische Anfangsgründe der Mathematik) showed his interest by ontology problematic and chose the hard way of polemic and even contra-opposition towards the school which had brought him up. The reasons for such his position were explained in his works published in 1920-1930. The project of “new ontology” polemically targeted not only gnoseologism of neokantian tradition, but also viewed development of phenomenological philosophy in a different way. As one of early strong points of this conception Hartmann chose contra-opposition of logical and ontological reality. Later to this he jointed his interest for cathegorial analysis and to apriorism. That is why categories of ontology turned out to be most primordial points of proclaimed theory. His article “Gegel and the Problem of Real Dialectic” published for the first time in 1935 in Blatter für Deutsche Philosophie allowed N. Hatmann settled his reasons for critic of Hegel’s philosophy, first of all, of Hegel’s dialectic. His called Hegel’s philosophy like phenomenology and this his point of view was naturally argued by Hegel’s interest towards “Phenomenology of Spirit,” but dialectical component of Hegel’s philosophy, as well as interest for categorial analysis allowed Hartmann advance hypothesis about a special significance of “Science of Logic” for giving ground for a realistic ontology. Significantly for that work, as one of opponents of his philosophic program Hartmann chose marxist explanation of Hegel’s philosophy. The latter was also considered by Hartmann as realistic philosophy. This polemics with marxism let go beyond the philosophy of nature into the area of social and follow up a succession of prerequisites advanced by Hartmann in conformity with of different parts of being.

Key words
Phenomenology, realistic dialectics, categories, ontology, Hegel, Marxism.

References

• Gornstein, T. N. (1969). Filosofia Nicolaja Gartmana (Kriticheskij analiz osnovnych problem ontologii) [N. Hartmann’s Philosophy (Critical Analysis of the Main Problems of Ontology)]. Leningrad: Nauka. (in Russian).
• Harich, W., & Morgenstern, M. (Eds.). (2004). Nicolai Hartmann — Größe und Grenzen. Versuch einer marxistischen Selbstverständigung. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann.
• Hartmann, N. (1957). Abhandlungen zur Philosophie-Geschichte. In Kleinere Schriften, Bd.II (323-346). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
• Hartmann, N. (1908). Über das Seinsproblem in der griechischen Philosophie vor Plato (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis). Universität Marburg, Germany.
• Hartmann, N. (1909). Des Proklus Diadochus philosophische Anfangsgründe der Mathematik. Gießen: Töpelmann.
• Kuhn, H. (1951). Nicolai Hartmann’s Ontology. The Philosophical Quarterly, 1(4), 289-318.
• Landmann, M. (1943). Nicolai Hartmann and Phenomenology. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 3(4), 393-423.
• Morgernstern, M. (2013). Vom Idealismus zur realistische Ontologie. Das Frühwerk Nicolai Hartmanns. Philosophia, 5, 3-35.
• Peterson, K. R., & Poli, R. (Eds.). (2016). New Research on the Philosophy of Nicolai Hartmann. Berlin: De Gruyter.
• Poli, R., Scognamiglio, C., & Tremblay, F. (Eds.). (2011). The Philosophy of Nicolai Hartmann. Berlin: De Gruyter.
• Schilling, K. (1951). Bemerkungen zu Nicolai Hartmanns Ontologie. Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie, Vol. 39, 4, 533-555.
• Tengelyi, L. (2012). Nicolai Hartmanns Metaphysik der Freiheit. In G. Hartung, M. Wunsch, & C. Strube (Eds.), Von der Systemphilosophie zur systematischen Philosophie — Nicolai Hartmann (277-297). Berlin–Boston: de Gruyter.
• Wunsch, M. (2012). Kategoriale Gesetze. Zur systematischen Bedeutung Nicolai Hartmanns für die moderne philosophische Anthropologie und die gegenwärtige Philosophie der Person. In G. Hartung, M. Wunsch, & C. Strube (Eds.), Von der Systemphilosophie zur systematischen Philosophie — Nicolai Hartmann (153-171). Berlin–Boston: de Gruyter.

Article/Publication Details
Views: 4246

FROM HAPPINESS TO BLESSEDNESS: HUSSERL ON EUDAIMONIA, VIRTUE, AND THE BEST LIFE

Abstract
This paper treats of Husserl’s phenomenology of happiness or eudaimonia in five parts. In the first part, we argue that phenomenology of happiness is an important albeit relatively neglected area of research, and we show that Husserl engages in it. In the second part, we examine the relationship between phenomenological ethics and virtue ethics. In the third part, we identify and clarify essential aspects of Husserl’s phenomenology of happiness, namely, the nature of the question concerning happiness and the possibility of a phenomenological answer, the power of the will, the role of vocation, the place of obligation, the significance of habituation, the necessity of self-reflection and self-criticism, the importance of sociability and solidarity, the impact of chance and destiny, and the specter of regret. In the fourth part, we establish the inextricable linkage between Husserl’s metaethics and his metaphysics. In the fifth part, we provide a provisional exploration of his conception of the connection between happiness and blessedness. We acknowledge that there is an extensive literature on Husserl’s phenomenological ethics, and our study has benefitted greatly from it, but we also suggest that our holistic approach critically clarifies his description of happiness, virtue, and blessedness by fully recognizing that his phenomenological metaethics is embedded in his phenomenological metaphysics.

Key words
Husserl, phenomenology, limit problems, eudaimonia, happiness, blessedness, virtue.

References

• Annas, J. (1989). Aristotle on Virtue and Happiness. University of Dayton Review, 19, 7–22.
• Annas, J. (1989). Aristotle on Virtue and Happiness. University of Dayton Review, 19, 7–22.
• Annas, J. (1993). The Morality of Happiness. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Annas, J. (2003). Should Virtue Make You Happy? Apeiron, 35, 1–19.
• Annas, J. (2008a). Virtue and Eudaimonism. In S. Cahn & C. Vitrano (Eds.), Happiness: Classic and Contemporary Readings in Philosophy (245–261). New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Annas, J. (2008b). Happiness as Achievement. In S. Cahn & C. Vitrano (Eds.), Happiness: Classic and Contemporary Readings in Philosophy (238–245). New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Aristotle. (1999). Nicomachean Ethics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis & Cambridge, Massachusetts: Hackett Publishing Company.
• Arroyo, C. (2009). The Role of Feelings in Husserl’s Ethics. Idealistic Studies, 39, 11–22.
• Augustine. (1984). On the Happy Life. In M. Clark (Ed.), Augustine: Selected Writings (163–194). Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press.
• Ben-Shahar, T. (2007). Happier: Learn the Secrets to Daily Joy and Lasting Fulfillment. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Brentano, F. (1969). Vom Ursprung sittlicher Erkenntnis. Hamburg: Felix Meiner.
• Brentano, F. (1978). Grundlegung und Aufbau der Ethik. Hamburg: Felix Meiner.
• Brudzińska, J. (2017). In Sachen Glück: Ein genetisch-phänomenologischer Ansatz. Gestalt Theory, 39, 281–302.
• Cahn, S. (2004). The Happy Immoralist. In S. Cahn & C. Vitrano (Eds.), Happiness: Classic and Contemporary Readings in Philosophy (262). New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Cahn, S. (2008a). A Challenge to Morality. In S. Cahn & C. Vitrano (Eds.), Happiness: Classic and Contemporary Readings in Philosophy (265). New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Cahn, S. (2008b). A Further Challenge. In S. Cahn & C. Vitrano (Eds.), Happiness: Classic and Contemporary Readings in Philosophy (266). New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Cahn, S., & Vitrano, C. (2015). Happiness and Goodness: Philosophical Reflections on Living Well. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Cairns, D. (1973). Guide for Translating Husserl. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
• Cobet, T. (2003). Husserl, Kant und die Praktische Philosophie: Analysen zu Moralität und Freiheit. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann.
• Drummond, J. (1995). Moral Objectivity: Husserl’s Sentiments of the Understanding. Husserl Studies, 12, 165–183.
• Drummond, J. (2002). Aristotelianism and Phenomenology. In J. Drummond & L. Embree (Eds.), Phenomenological Approaches to Moral Philosophy: A Handbook (15–45). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Drummond, J. (2010). Self-responsibility and Eudaimonia. In C. Ierna, H. Jacobs, & F. Mattens (Eds.), Philosophy, Phenomenology, Sciences: Essays in Commemoration of Edmund Husserl (411–430). Dordrecht: Springer.
• Drummond, J. (2013). Phenomenology, Eudaimonia, and the Virtues. In K. Hermberg & P. Gyllenhammer (Eds.), Phenomenology and Virtue Ethics (97–112). London & New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Drummond, J. (2014). Husserl’s Phenomenological Axiology and Aristotelian Virtue Ethics. In M. Tuominen, S. Heinämaa, & V. Mäkinen (Eds.), New Perspectives on Aristotelianism and Its Critics (179–195). Leiden: Brill.
• Drummond, J. (2015). Neo-Aristotelian Ethics: Naturalistic or Phenomenological. In J. Bloechl & N. de Warren (Eds.), Phenomenology in a New Key—Between Analysis and History: Essays in Honor of Richard Cobb-Stevens (135–149). Dordrecht: Springer.
• Drummond, J. (2018). Husserl’s Middle Period and the Development of his Ethics. In D. Zahavi (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Phenomenology (135–154). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Fichte, J. G. (1979). Die Bestimmung des Menschen (5th ed.). Hamburg: Felix Meiner.
• Fichte, J. G. (1983). Die Anweisung zum seligen Leben (3rd ed.). Hamburg: Felix Meiner.
• Frankfurt, H. (1971). Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person. Journal of Philosophy, 68, 5–20.
• Goto, H. (2004). Der Begriff der Person in der Phänomenologie Edmund Husserls: Ein Interpretationsversuch der Husserlschen Phänomenologie als Ethik im Hinblick auf den Begriff der Habitualität. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann.
• Hart, J. (1992). The Person and the Common Life: Studies in a Husserlian Social Ethics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Hart, J. (1995). Husserl and Fichte—with Special Regard to Husserl’s Lectures on Fichte’s Ideal of Humanity. Husserl Studies, 12, 135–163.
• Hart, J. (2006). The Absolute Ought and the Unique Individual. Husserl Studies, 22, 223–240.
• Haybron, D. (2008). The Pursuit of Unhappiness: The Elusive Psychology of Well-Being. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Heffernan, G. (2010). The phronimos, the phainomena, and the pragmata: Are We Responsible for the Things that Appear to Us to be Good for Us? An Axiological Exercise in Aristotelian Phenomenology. The New Yearbook for Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy, 10, 171–200.
• Heffernan, G. (2014). The Phenomenon Happiness: Prolegomena to a Phenomenological Description. The Humanistic Psychologist, 42, 249–267.
• Heinämaa, S. (2017). On the Complexity and Wholeness of Human Beings: Husserlian Perspectives. International Journal of Philosophical Studies, 25, 393–406.
• Held, K. (2010). Gott in Edmund Husserls Phänomenologie. In C. Ierna, H. Jacobs, & F. Mattens (Eds.), Philosophy, Phenomenology, Sciences: Essays in Commemoration of Edmund Husserl (723–738). Dordrecht: Springer.
• Hermberg, K., & Gyllenhammer, P. (Eds.). (2013). Phenomenology and Virtue Ethics: Issues in Phenomenology and Hermeneutics. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Hobbes, T. (1968). Leviathan. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
• Husserl, E. (1950–2014). Gesammelte Werke or Husserliana (vols. I–XLII). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1950–1987; Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988–2004; Dordrecht: Springer, 2004–2014.
• Husserl, E. (1969). Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie, Zweites Buch: Phänomenologische Untersuchungen zur Konstitution (Hua IV). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
• Husserl, E. (1987). Fichtes Menschheitsideal. In Hua XXV (267–293). Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff.
• Husserl, E. (1988). Vorlesungen über Ethik und Wertlehre (1908–1914) (Hua XXVIII). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Husserl, E. (1989a). Aufsätze und Vorträge (1922–1937) (Hua XXVII). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Husserl, E. (1989b). Fünf Aufsätze über Erneuerung. In Hua XXVII (3–94). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Husserl, E. (1994). Briefwechsel (I–X). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Husserl, E. (2001–2012). Materialien (I–IX). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers & Springer.
• Husserl, E. (2004). Einleitung in die Ethik: Vorlesungen Sommersemester 1920/1924 (Hua XXXVII). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Husserl, E. (2014). Grenzprobleme der Phänomenologie: Analysen des Unbewusstseins und der Instinkte, Metaphysik, Späte Ethik—Texte aus dem Nachlass (1908–1937) (Hua XLII). Dordrecht: Springer.
• Irvine, W. (2009). A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• James, W. (1896). The Will to Believe. The New World, 5, 327–347.
• Kant, I. (1974). Kritik der praktischen Vernunft. Hamburg: Felix Meiner.
• Kant, I. (1996). The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant: Practical Philosophy (M. Gregor, Ed. & Trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Kant, I. (1999). Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (B. Kraft & D. Schönecker, Eds.). Hamburg: Felix Meiner.
• Kekes, J. (1982). Happiness. Mind, 91, 358–376.
• Kraut, R. (1979). Two Conceptions of Happiness. Philosophical Review, 88, 167–197.
• Kraut, R. (1989). Aristotle on the Human Good. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Loidolt, S. (2010). Husserl und das Faktum der praktischen Vernunft: Phänomenologische Ansprüche an eine philosophische Ethik. In C. Ierna, H. Jacobs, & F. Mattens (Eds.), Philosophy, Phenomenology, Sciences: Essays in Commemoration of Edmund Husserl (483–503). Dordrecht: Springer.
• Loidolt, S. (2011). Ist Husserls späte Ethik ‘existenzialistisch’? Journal Phänomenologie, 36, 36–50.
• Loidolt, S. (2018). Value, Freedom, Responsibility: Central Themes in Phenomenological Ethics. In D. Zahavi (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Phenomenology (696–716). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Luft, S. (2010). Das Subjekt als moralische Person: Zu Husserls späten Reflexionen bezüglich des Personenbegriffs. In P. Merz, A. Staiti, & F. Steffen (Eds.), Geist–Person–Gemeinschaft: Freiburger Beiträge zur Aktualität Husserls (221–240). Würzburg: Ergon Verlag.
• Luft, S. (2012). The Subject as Moral Person: On Husserl’s Late Reflections concerning the Concept of Personhood. In G.-J. van der Heiden, K. Novotny, I. Römer, & L. Tengelyi (Eds.), Investigating Subjectivity: Classical and New Perspectives (25–41). Leiden: Brill.
• Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). The How of Happiness: A Scientific Approach to Getting the Life You Want. New York: Penguin Books.
• MacIntyre, A. (2007). After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (3rd ed.). South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press.
• Marion, J.-L. (1989). Réduction et donation: Recherches sur Husserl, Heidegger et la phénoménologie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
• Marion, J.-L. (1997). Étant donné : Essai d’une phénoménologie de la donation. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
• Marion, J.-L. (2001). De surcroît: Études sur les phénomènes saturés. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
• Melle, U. (1991). The Development of Husserl’s Ethics. Études Phénoménologiques, 13–14, 115–135.
• Melle, U. (2002). From Reason to Love. In J. Drummond & L. Embree (Eds.), Phenomenological Approaches to Moral Philosophy: A Handbook (229–248). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Melle, U. (2007). Husserl’s Personalist Ethics. Husserl Studies, 23, 1–15.
• Mensch, J. (2003). Ethics and Selfhood: Alterity and the Phenomenology of Obligation. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
• Obsieger, B. (2016). Husserls Frage: „Kann ich mein Leben leben, ohne dass ich es wollen kann?“ In K.-H. Lembeck, K. Mertens, & E.-W. Orth (Eds.), Phänomenologische Forschungen 2015 (323–334). Hamburg: Felix Meiner.
• Peucker, H. (2007). Husserl’s Critique of Kant’s Ethics. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 45, 309–319.
• Peucker, H. (2008). From Logic to the Person: An Introduction to Edmund Husserl’s Ethics. The Review of Metaphysics, 62, 307–325.
• Peucker, H. (2010). Aristotelische Elemente in der Ethik von Edmund Husserl. Philosophisches Jahrbuch, 117, 54–68.
• Peucker, H. (2011). Die ethischen Grundlagen von Husserls Philosophie. Journal Phänomenologie, 36, 10–20.
• Plato (2006). The Republic (R. E. Allen, Trans.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Pradelle, D. (2016). Critique phénoménologique de l’éthique kantienne. Meta: Research in Hermeneutics, Phenomenology, and Practical Philosophy, 8, 442–481.
• Rinofner-Kreidl, S. (2010). Husserl’s Categorical Imperative and His Related Critique of Kant. In P. Vandevelde & S. Luft (Eds.). Epistemology, Archaeology, Ethics: Current Investigations of Husserl’s Corpus (188–210). London: Continuum.
• Rinofner-Kreidl, S. (2017). Ethik. In S. Luft & M. Wehrle (Eds.), Husserl–Handbuch: Leben–Werk–Wirkung (184–196). Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler.
• Römer, I. (2011). Von der wertmaximierenden Leistungsmaschine zur vernünftigen liebenden Person: Subjektivität in Husserls Ethik. Journal Phänomenologie, 36, 21–35.
• Roth, A. (1960). Edmund Husserls ethische Untersuchungen: Dargestellt anhand seiner Vorlesungsmanuskripte. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
• Schuhmann, K. (1977). Husserl-Chronik: Denk- und Lebensweg Edmund Husserls. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
• Schuhmann, K. (1991). Probleme der Husserlschen Wertlehre. Philosophisches Jahrbuch, 98, 106–113.
• Seligman, M. (2002). Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment. New York: Free Press.
• Staiti, A. (2013). A Grasp from afar: Überschau and the Givenness of Life in Husserlian Phenomenology. Continental Philosophy Review, 46, 21–36.
• Toulemont, R. (1962). L’essence de la société selon Husserl. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
• Tullius, W. (2015). Renewal and Tradition: Phenomenology as “Faith Seeking Understanding” in the Work of Edmund Husserl. American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, 89, 1–26.
• Tullius, W. (2017). On the Aristotelian Underpinnings of Husserl’s Ethics of Vocation. The New Yearbook for Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy, 15, 102–123.
• Ubiali, M. (2017). Aristotelian Echoes in Husserl’s Ethics: Character, Decision, and Philosophy as the Highest Good. The New Yearbook for Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy, 15, 84–101.
• Vaihinger, H. (1911). Die Philosophie des Als Ob: System der theoretischen, praktischen und religiösen Fiktionen der Menschheit auf Grund eines idealistischen Positivismus. Mit einem Anhang über Kant und Nietzsche. Berlin: Reuther & Reichard.
• Vitrano, C. (2008). Happiness and Morality. In S. Cahn & C. Vitrano (Eds.), Happiness: Classic and Contemporary Readings in Philosophy (267–272). New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Vitrano, C. (2009). The Happy Immoralist. In R. Talisse & M. Eckert (Eds.), A Teacher’s Life: Essays for Steven M. Cahn (149–153). Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.
• Vitrano, C. (2014). The Nature and Value of Happiness. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
• Wallace, R. J. (2013). The View from Here: On Affirmation, Attachment, and the Limits of Regret. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Williams, B. (1985). Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

ADDENDA: UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS OF HUSSERL

• A V 5: Anthropologie, Psychologie mit Beilagen zu den Amsterdamer Vorlesungen. Menschliche Umwelt (“Lebenswelt”)—Welt der Personen. Erfahrung und Praxis. Praktische Tradition, das “Gewohnheitsmäßige”—Aufbau der Normalitäten (1927–1933).
• F I 24: Formale Ethik und Probleme der ethischen Vernunft (1909–1923).
• F I 28: Freiburger Vorlesungen zur Einleitung in die Ethik (1920–1924).
• F I 40: Wintersemester 1919/20. Vorlesungen über Einleitung in die Philosophie, systematisch [Der erste Stuck stammt aus den Vorlesungen über Einleitung 1916 u. 1918] (1916–1920).

Article/Publication Details
Views: 3741

PHENOMENOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ECONOMICS: SCHÜTZ VERSUS DÜPPE

Abstract
The article explores novel directions in the phenomenology of economics. It analyzes how the approaches of Till Düppe and Alfred Schütz, both inspired by Edmund Husserl, may shed light on the historical development of economics. I examine the substance and meaning of economics in the context of the forceful criticism of the whole discipline recently raised by Düppe. This examination uncovers important weaknesses and omissions inherent in Düppe’s argument against the economists’ scientific aspirations. The analysis of the social scientific endeavors by Alfred Schütz who develops a phenomenologically informed ‘telescopic’ concept of an ideal type is then shown to be a more fruitful and methodologically rigorous way towards understanding the developments within economics. The Schützian view permits us to see how abstract economic models originate in the experience of the life-world and are continuous with it. Accordingly, the historical development of economic science may be viewed as consisting from two broadly defined phases, where at first the formalism is steadily increasing (the ‘zooming out’ phase) and later the discipline converges back to context-specific empirical examinations (the ‘zooming in’ phase). A case study concentrating on the economic theory of politics illustrates that both the drive towards abstraction that has culminated around 1950s and the more recent ‘zooming in’ is methodologically legitimate from the phenomenological point of view. I conclude that economics has never been completely severed from the paramount reality of the everyday life and for decades the interconnection has been growing stronger by the day.

Key words
Alfred Schütz, crisis of science, formalism, historicism, life-world, phenomenology of economics, telescopic ideal type.

References

• Achen, C. H., & Bartels, L. M. (2016). Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Arrow, K. (1951). Social Choice and Individual Values. New Haven, New York, London: J. Wiley / Chapman & Hall.
• Ashraf, N., Camerer, C. F., & Loewenstein, G. (2005). Adam Smith, Behavioral Economist. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19 (3), 131–145. doi: 10.1257/089533005774357897
• Becker, G. S. (1978). The Economic Approach to Human Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Dowding, K. (2005). Is it Rational to Vote? Five Types of Answer and a Suggestion. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 7 (3), 442–459. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-856X.2005.00188.x
• Downs, A. (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. Boston: Harper and Row. 10.1111/j.1467-856X.2005.00188.x
• Düppe, T. (2011). The Making of the Economy: A Phenomenology of Economic Science. Plymouth: Lexington Books.
• Friedman, M. (1953). Methodology of Positive Economics. In M. Friedman, Essays in Positive Economics (3–16, 30–43). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Green, D. P., & Shapiro, I. (1994). Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: a Critique of Applications in Political Science. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
• Knudsen, C. (2004). Alfred Schütz, Austrian Economists and the Knowledge Problem. Rationality and Society, 16 (1), 45–89. doi: 10.1177/1043463104036622
• Kuhn, T. S. (1996). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Lazear, E. P. (2000). Economic Imperialism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115 (1), 99–146. doi: 10.2307/2586936
• Prendergast, C. (1986). Alfred Schütz and the Austrian School of Economics. American Journal of Sociology, 92 (1), 1–26.
• Robbins, L. (2007). An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science. Auburn, Al.: Ludwig von Mises Institute.
• Rosenberg, A. (1994). Economics — Mathematical Politics or Science of Diminishing Returns? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Rosenberg, A. (2005). Lessons from Biology for Philosophy of the Human Sciences. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 35 (1), 3–19. doi: 10.1177/0048393104271921
• Schütz, A. (1972). The Phenomenology of the Social World. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.
• Schütz, A. (1974a). Common-sense and Scientific Interpretation of Human Action. In M. Natanson (Ed.), Collected Papers, Vol. 1: The Problem of Social Reality (1–47). Berlin: Springer.
• Schütz, A. (1974b). On Multiple Realities. In M. Natanson (Ed.), Collected Papers, Vol. 1: The Problem of Social Reality (207–259). Berlin: Springer.
• Schütz, A. (1975). The Problem of Transcendental Intersubjectivity in Husserl. In I. Schütz (Ed.), Collected Papers, Vol. 3: Studies in Phenomenological Philosophy (51–91). Berlin: Springer.
• Schütz, A. (1976a). Dimensions of the Social World. In A. Brodersen (Ed.), Collected Papers, Vol. 2: Studies in Social Theory (20–63). Berlin: Springer.
• Schütz, A. (1976b). The Problem of Rationality in the Social World. In A. Brodersen (Ed.), Collected Papers, Vol. 2: Studies in Social Theory (64–88). Berlin: Springer.
• Stigler, G. J. (1983). Nobel Lecture: The Process and Progress of Economics. Journal of Political Economy, 91 (4), 529–545. doi: 10.2307/1831067

Article/Publication Details
Views: 3555

PATOČKA’S PHILOSOPHY OF ART AND CARE FOR THE SOUL

Abstract
The Socratic theme of care for the soul expresses in Patočka’s late thought his desire to keep the understanding of human existence as a place of turn, metanoia, of struggle between authenticity and inauthenticity. This tendency not only goes against Heidegger and his late philosophy, but is also opposed to Patočka’s own earlier project of asubjective phenomenology as well. This essay argues, firstly, that the importance of subjectivity and existential dimension is still present in art and secondly, that art represents for Patočka sort of care for the soul. The argument has three stages. First, I demonstrate what Patočka means by soul or experience of soul and how we should understand the term ‘care.’ I argue that what Patočka understands under the concept of soul consists has freedom, krisis, and physis as its main features. The second part demonstrates that in Patočka’s view, these features are present in art. The last part compares art and philosophy as two kinds of care for the soul and demonstrates the limits of art as care of the soul. My conclusion is that art represents for Patočka a limited form of care for the soul compared to philosophy. However, according to Patočka, in current situation it is the only way of care for the soul that is left.

Key words
Phenomenology, aesthetics, Jan Patočka, art, care for the soul, Socrates, Plato.

References

• Merlier, P. (2009). Patočka: Le soin de l’âme et l’Europe. Paris: L’Harmattan.
• Patočka, J. (1991). Sokratés. Prague: SPN.
• Patočka, J. (1992). Platón. Prague: SPN.
• Patočka, J. (1996a). Filosofie výchovy [Philosophy of Education]. In J. Patočka, Péče o duši [Care for the Soul, Vol. I]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (1996b). Negativní Platonismus [Negative Platonism]. In J. Patočka, Péče o duši [Care for the Soul, Vol. I]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (1996c). Věčnost a dějinnost [Eternity and Historicity]. In J. Patočka, Péče o duši [Care for the Soul, Vol. I]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (1999a). Doba poevropská a její duchovní problémy [Posteuropean Time and its Spiritual Problems]. In J. Patočka, Péče o duši [Care for the Soul, Vol. I]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (1999b). Evropa a doba poevropská [Europe and Post-Europe]. In J. Patočka, Péče o duši [Care for the Soul, Vol. I]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (1999c). O duši u Platóna [The Soul in Plato]. In J. Patočka, Péče o duši [Care for the Soul, Vol. II]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (1999d). Platón a Evropa [Plato and Europe]. In J. Patočka, Péče o duši [Care for the Soul, Vol. II]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (1999e). Počátky systematické psychologie [The Oldest Systems of Soul Science]. In J. Patočka, Péče o duši [Care for the Soul, Vol. II]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (2004a). Symbol země u K. H. Máchy [Symbol of Earth in K. H. Mácha]. In J. Patočka, Umění a čas [Art and Time, Vol I]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (2004b). Čas, věčnost a časovost v Máchově díle [Time, Eternity and Temporality in Macha’s Work]. In J. Patočka, Umění a čas [Art and Time, Vol I]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (2004c). Hegelův filosofický a estetický vývoj [Hegel’s Philosophical and Aesthetic Development]. In J. Patočka, Umění a čas [Art and Time, Vol I]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (2004d). Ivanov. In J. Patočka, Umění a čas [Art and Time, Vol I]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (2004e). Poznámky k polyperspektivě u Picassa od W. Biemela [Some Remarks on Polyperspectivity in Picasso by Walter Biemel]. In J. Patočka, Umění a čas [Art and Time, Vol II]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (2004f). Učení o minulém rázu umění [Hegel’s Thesis on the Past Character of Time]. In J. Patočka, Umění a čas [Art and Time, Vol I]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (2004g). Zpěv výsostnosti [Song of Sovereignity] In J. Patočka, Umění a čas [Art and Time, Vol I]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (2006a). K filosofovým šedesátinám [To Philosophers Sixtieth Anniversary]. In J. Patočka, Češi [Czechs, Vol. I]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (2006b). Spisovatel a jeho věc [Writer and His Thing]. In J. Patočka, Češi [Czechs, Vol. I]. Prague: Oikoymenh. (in Czech).
• Patočka, J. (2015). Art and Time. Estetika: The Central European Journal of Aesthetics, 52(1), 99-113.
• Tardivel, E. (2011). La liberté au principe: Essai sur la philosophie de Patočka. Paris: Vrin.