- 25 November 2019
Article/Publication Details
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ON EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL EXPERIENCE: FRANZ BRENTANO AND MEISTER ECKHART
Title in the language of publication: | О ВНЕШНЕМ И ВНУТРЕННЕМ ОПЫТЕ: ФРАНЦ БРЕНТАНО И МЕЙСТЕР ЭКХАРТ |
Author: | YAROSLAV SLININ |
Issue: |
HORIZON. Studies in Phenomenology. Vol. 8, №2 (2019), 442-459 |
Language: | Russian |
Document type: | Research Article |
DOI : 10.21638/2226-5260-2019-8-2-442-459 | PDF (Downloads: 3399) |
Abstract
Franz Brentano takes as a premise of his theory that along with an external experience there is an internal experience. The external experience introduces us into the world of things that are transcendental with regard to our consciousness. The internal experience helps us to read the structure of the consciousness itself. While the basis of the external experience is censorial perception, the basis of the internal experience is internal perception. The internal perception shows that the consciousness is a sequence of acts in the flow of our internal time. According to Brentano each act of consciousness is an intention or an orientation towards an object, which can be called an intentional object. Intentions together with their objects are immanent with regard to consciousness. Among the acts of external experience are censorial perception, imagination, contemplation, desire, will, and etc. There is no agreement within philosophers on the issue of the relation between intentional objects of the acts of that type and transcendental things. On this basis, Brentano believes that the data of the external experience acts is not obvious. On the contrary, the data of the internal experience is obvious since the objects of inner perception are the acts of consciousness, and so the inner experience has nothing that is transcendent with regard to consciousness. Brentano points out that scholastic philosophers have already been aware of human consciousness intentional nature. The article investigates the theory of soul powers of Meister Eckhart. According to Eckhart soul powers are, among others, censorial perception, imagination, intellect, and will. The results of their contact with objects that belong to the external, created world are the images of that objects in soul. Hence, soul powers correspond to intentions of external experience acts, and images in soul correspond to the intentional objects of that acts. Furthermore, Eckhart argues that another power intended not towards external, created world, but towards consciousness profundity can be woken up in souls of specially prepared human beings. Eckhart refers to this ‘honorable’ intention as to ‘light’ or ‘spark’ of the soul. This ‘spark’ is fully related to the inner experience and meets God on its own way not in the capacity of an image, but at first hand and in a manifest manner. However, it is important to note that according to Eckhart Holy Trinity is only an intermediate point on the way of ‘honorable’ intention. The intentional object that is at the very end on the way of ‘honorable’ intention is allegorically called by Eckhart the Profundity of Profundity, Silent Desert, and Undivided Silence.
Key words
Brentano, Eckhart, external experience, internal experience, intention, intentional object, soul powers.
References
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- 25 November 2019
Article/Publication Details
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THE PROBLEM OF PASSIVE CONSTITUTION IN HUSSERL’S GENETIC PHENOMENOLOGY
Title in the language of publication: | THE PROBLEM OF PASSIVE CONSTITUTION IN HUSSERL’S GENETIC PHENOMENOLOGY |
Author: | NATALIA ARTEMENKO |
Issue: |
HORIZON. Studies in Phenomenology. Vol. 8, №2 (2019), 409-441 |
Language: | English |
Document type: | Research Article |
DOI : 10.21638/2226-5260-2019-8-2-409-441 | PDF (Downloads: 3475) |
Abstract
The problem of passive constitution in Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology is worthy of particular attention, since it is passive constitution, rather than active conscious constitution, which can be considered to be one of the focal points of 20th century philosophy. Thematisation of the sphere of passivity is related to resolving the problem of intersubjectivity. The elaboration of the problem of intersubjectivity is not so much a response to an externally cast reproach ‘in solipsism’ as an internal theme of phenomenology itself. Husserl aspired to establish phenomenological science as being of universal significance to everybody, but in order to make this discipline significant, i.e. in order to make it necessary for everyone else, it was primarily necessary to prove the existence of these other Selves or of the transcendental subjects. I will elaborate on the history of the consideration which Husserl gave to the problem of intersubjectivity, in order to clarify how his attempts to resolve the problem of intersubjectivity, based on the activity of the Self, led to an egocentric model, and in turn how the need to overcome this model led to the thematisation of the genesis of subjectivity, and the detection of passivity as the very basis of such genesis. According to my working hypothesis, it was largely the demand for thematisation of the genesis of the sense of ‘the Other’ which influenced the modification of the phenomenological method. Finally, I will turn to the concept of primary subjectivity, or Ur-Ich, in order to bring into focus the methodological significance of distinguishing the proto-Self for the substantiation of intersubjectivity, since only in its ‘context’ does the ultimate level of the foundation of the individual Self appear to be not merely a deeper level of consciousness, or the history of a universal subject, but the absolute subjectivity, as a field of intersubjective interaction in which the individual subject is awakened (individualized) to self-constitution in the world. Only then can we reconsider the constitution of the individual Self as being primarily passive, as being permeated by the primordial passive, independent from the Self, aiming for the co-constitution of the intersubjective world.
Key words
Phenomenological method, intersubjectivity, passive genesis, passive constitution, the Other, E. Husserl, proto-Self.
References
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- 25 November 2019
Article/Publication Details
Views: 3986
HUSSERL’S MODERATE RATIONALISM AND THE QUESTION OF EVIDENCE
Title in the language of publication: | HUSSERL’S MODERATE RATIONALISM AND THE QUESTION OF EVIDENCE |
Author: | WITOLD PŁOTKA |
Issue: |
HORIZON. Studies in Phenomenology. Vol. 8, №2 (2019),  389-408 |
Language: | English |
Document type: | Research Article |
DOI : 10.21638/2226-5260-2019-8-2-389-408 | PDF (Downloads: 3412) |
Abstract
This article is an attempt to present Husserl’s phenomenology as a moderate form of rationalism. By
‘moderate rationalism’ is understood, first, a theory that does not exclude the problem of irrationality,
and that comprehends the rational as a correlate of the irrational. Second, it is a theory that performs
its analyses by adopting the thesis that evidence can be achieved at many levels and grades. Here
perfect evidence can also appear as imperfect. Yet this imperfect evidence (as an equivalent to
unreason) can be a subject of evidential inquiry (as an equivalent to reason). The argument is that
moderate rationalism is connected with the transcendental character of phenomenology and leads to
the perennial reconsideration of the question of evidence (Evidenz). A basic claim is that irrationality is to be understood in terms of possible vague levels and grades of evidence. By developing ‘moderate rationalism’ thus understood, one is interested in understanding reason, that is, in the question of the essence of reason in its correlation with unreason. Here, moderate rationalism is directly interested not in rational arguments, but in ‘elucidation’ of reason. It is argued that phenomenology of reason also investigates ‘irrational evidence,’ for example, background evidence, evidence with respect to others, as well as all forms of fallible evidence. Therefore, the main question of moderate rationalism is Husserl’s question of evidence.
Key words
Phenomenology, theory of knowledge, critique of reason, unreason, evidence,
rationalism, Husserl.
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